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- Abstract attitude: This is a type of thinking that includes voluntarily shifting one's mind set from a specific aspect of a situation to the general aspect; It involves keeping in mind different simultaneous aspects...>more
- ACTH AND CORTICOSTEROID THERAPY: Psychological symptoms more likely with high doses or prolonged treatment, or history of previous psychiatric difficulties, Euphoria (up to 70%). Depression far less common (contrast Cushion's...>more
- ACUTE ORGANIC BRAIN SYNDROME: Disorientation and clouding of consciousness predominate. May also be anxiety, bewilderment, illusions, hallucinations (delirium).
Causes
Metabolic, infective, toxic, traumatic, degenerative,...>more
- ADDISON'S DISEASE: Chronic adrenocortical insufficiency of cortical, aldosterone, corticosterone and androgens. Primary atrophy (up to 50%). In the post tuberculosis more common. Psychological symptoms present in all...>more
- AETIOLOGY: Genetic - no satisfactory evidence about the genetic contribution to personality disorder.
Body build (Kretschmer)-
Pyknic (stocky and rounded) build - related to cyclothymic...>more
- Aetiology: Genetic - evidence for a genetic aetiology provided by:
Family studies- prevalence rate of the aisorder in relatives of patients with anxiety neuroses is 15% (cf. Prevalence rate of...>more
- Aetiology: Simple phobic neuroses‑
Psychoanalytic theory - the manifest fear is the symbolic representation of an unconscious conflict, i.e. the simple phobic neuroses represent some other...>more
- Aetiology: Genetic - some evidence for a genetic aetiology is provided by
Family studies - disorder occurs in 5-7% of the parents of patients with obsessive compulsive neuroses (Rudin 1953), cf. A...>more
- Aetiology: Genetic - aetiology unlikely since:
Family studies (Ljungberg 1957) - incidence among first-degree relatives of about 5% is higher than in the general population. However, this level most...>more
- Aetiology: Psychoanalytic theory ‑
Hypochondriasis is an expression of anal eroticism.
Hypochondria are a defense against psychosis....>more
- Aetiology: Genetic - strong evidence for genetic aetiology provided by
Family studies - the prevalence rates of schizophrenia in relatives of a
schizophrenic are as follows:
Relationship to...>more
- Aetiology: Genetic - strong evidence for genetic aetiology provided by:
Family studies - prevalence rate in first-degree relatives of patients with
bipolar affective disorders is 15-20%.
...>more
- Aetiology: Paranoia ‑
Cases are never, or extremely rerely, encountered.
Psychoanalytic theory - associated with the ego-defense mechanisms projection
and splitting.
Paraphrenia -...>more
- Aetiology: Genetic- 6-10% of female siblings of patients with established anorexia
nervosa suffer with the condition.
Hypothalamic dysfunction - with abnormal control of food iknlake and reduced...>more
- Aetiology: Genetic factors ‑
Twin studies - show higher concordance rates in MZ than DZ twins.
Adoption study - Goodwin (1973) showed significantly higher levels of alcoholism
in...>more
- Affect: The feeling tone that accompanies ideation, Synonymous with emotion. Mood refers to a sustined affective state.
Affect may be shallow, inappropriate (does not relate to stimuli or situation),...>more
- Affective personality disorder: 3 groups ‑
Depressive personality disorder - always low in spirits;
persistently gloomy view of life; brood about misfortunes;
worry unduly; strong sense of duty; little capacity for
...>more
- Anankastic personality disorder: (obsessional personality disorder) - lack of adaptability to new situations; high moral standards-, humourless approach to life; miserly-, sensitivity to criticism; indecision; emotionally...>more
- ANOREXIA NERVOSA: Females outnumber males 15:1
Most common in upper social classes.
Age onset 15.5 years average (87% within 5 years of menarche) Point prevalence - 1 % girls age- 16-18 years in private schools....>more
- Antisocial personality disorder: (sociopathic or asocial personality disorder)- impulsive actions-, lack of guilt; failure to make loving relationships; failure to learn from adverse experiences.
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- Anxiety disorder: Anxiety disorder is a blanket term covering several different
forms of abnormal, pathological anxiety, fears, phobias. It describes nervous
system disorders as irrational or illogical worry...>more
- Anxiety Neuroses Clinical Features: Psychological symptoms and signs ‑
fearful anticipation;
irritability; a feeling of restlessness;
sensitivity to noise;
repetitive worrying thoughts;
difficulty in...>more
- Anxiety Neuroses Epidemiology: Often begins in early adult life - but may occur for the first time in middle age.
More common among women.
The most common neurotic disorder with a prevalence rate of 3%- if minor...>more
- Appearance and behaviour: Dress and self - care-tidy or dishevelled, well-groomed or unkempt; describe actual clothes.
Manner - hostile or helpful, aggressive or amiable.
Posture and movement - tense or...>more
- ASSESSMENT OF PAIN: Definition
Pain is an unpleasant experience which is primarily associated with tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage or both (Merskey).
Pain of Psychological Origin
May be...>more
- Asthenic personality disorder: (passive or dependent personality disorder) - weak-willed; unduly compliant; lack vigour; lack self-reliance; avoid responsibility; little capacity for enjoyment.
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- Avoidance personality disorder: Hypersenitive to rejection; low self-esteem; unwillingness to enter into relationships; desire for acceptance.
>more
- Bipolar disorder: Bipolar disorder is not a single disorder, but a category of
mood disorders defined by the presence of one or more episodes of abnormally
elevated mood, clinically referred to as mania....>more
- Borderline personality disorder: Unstable relationships;undue anger variable moods; chronic boredom; doubts about personal identity; intolerance of being left alone; self-injury; impulsive behaviour that is damaging to the person.
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- CHRONIC ORGANIC BRAIN SYNDROME: The Demential:
Disorders of recent memory and intellectual impairment predominate. May be episodic confusion or delirium. The impairment of memory is permanent.
Secondary behavioural...>more
- Classification: Hebephrenic schizophrenia ‑
Silly and childish behaviour.
Prominent affective symptoms and thought disorder
Delusions common but unsystematized.
Hallucinations common but...>more
- Classification: Bipolar affective disorders - Recurring attacks of both mania and depression.
Unpopular affective disorders - Recurring attacks of depression only.
Mixed affective states - Cases...>more
- Classification: Simple paranoid state - A paranoid condition that is not associated with
primary organic, schizophrenic or affective disorder, in which delusions,
especially of being influenced,...>more
- Clinical depression: Clinical depression is a common psychiatric disorder,
characterized by a pervasive low mood, loss of interest in usual activities and
diminished ability to experience pleasure.
Although...>more
- Clinical Features: The severely subnormal child does not acquire reading or writing. May need hospitalisation to ensure adequate level of care and prevent self injury.
Ability to survive in community is related to...>more
- Clinical features: Simple phobic neuroses‑
Some specific object or situation causes the person unreasonable anxiety, e.g. spiders, dogs, heights, thunderstorms, darkness.
There are three...>more
- Clinical features: Obsessions - can occur in several forms:
Obsessional thoughts - repeated and intrusive words or phrase, which are usually upsetting to the patient, e.g. violent, sexual and blasphemous...>more
- Clinical features: Hysterical dissociation - the major dissociative reactions are:
Psychogenic amnesia.
Psychogenic fugue (wandering).
Somnambulism (sleepwalking).
Multiple personality -sudden...>more
- Clinical features: Pain - common sites are:
Right iliac fosse
Lower lumbar fossa
Head.
Worries about bladder function.
Complains about appearance - especially the shape of the breasts, nose...>more
- Clinical Features: The acute syndrome (positive symptoms) - main features ‑
Delusions.
Hallucinations.
Interference with thinking.
Incongruity of affect.
Precipitated by too much social...>more
- Clinical Features: Depressive Disorder
Biological features of depression -
Sleep disturbance ‑
Characteristically early morning wakening (middle insomnia) - occurs 2-3 hours
before the...>more
- Clinical features: Main clinical features ‑
A body weight more than 25% below the standard weight.
An intense wish to be thin.
Amennorrhoea (in women)
Central psychological features...>more
- Clinical features: Opiates - e.g. heroin.
Both psychic and physical dependence occur.
Clinical features of chronic opiate dependence‑
Constipation.
Constricted pupils
Chronic...>more
- Clinical features (psychiatric aspects): Alcohol-related psychiatric disorders-four groups -
Intoxication phenomena
‑
Pathological drunkenness - acute psychotic episodes induced by relatively
small amounts of...>more
- Cognition: Orientation - In time, place, person and age.
Attention and concentration - Subjective report, days of
week backwards (DOWB) or months of year backwards
(MOYB); serial seven's test or...>more
- Current mental state: 'Picture' - Describe the appearance and behaviour of the patient, such that the examiner can build up a mental picture of him.
Highlight the psychopathology - In the rest of the mental...>more
- CUSHING'S DISEASE: Due to excess production of cortical with variable amount of adrenaline and estrogens. Adenoma or carcinoma of adrenal cortex-20%, adrenal hyperplasia 80%. Psychological symptoms in >50% more...>more
- DELAYED OR ABSENT EJACULATION: Persistent absence of orgasm and ejaculation during coitus, in spite of normal desire and erection. Occasionally absence of ejaculation only ('dry run' orgasm) with may complicate use of...>more
- Diagnosis: Support with reasons from history and mental state.
Explain why the patient became ill now - e.g. noncompliance with medication or high expressed emotion (i.e. relatives in the patients...>more
- Diagnosis: Definite evidence of Schneiderian first-rank symptoms -indicated a diagnosis of schizophrenia, provided that there is no evidence of an organic disorder.
In the absence of Schneiderian...>more
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Alcohol Treatment Rehab
The focus is on healing at the
Casa Palmera Alcohol Treatment Rehab center and each patient receives a
type of care that cannot be found elsewhere. From yoga to stress
management, patients are taught how to live a healthy, balanced life
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